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case study · service design

Day One: designing for the officer who is present at both ends.

Eight weeks went into a service for someone who walks out of a federal prison without a phone. This page is mostly about what broke it.

the gate hestia the officer nostos the person
One thread, one wall, drawn twice. She crosses and stays solid; he arrives and goes dashed.
41 officer-years returned, about 3% of every parole officer’s time in Canada
modelledTwelve hours saved per case across 6,216 releases, against roughly 1,272 parole officers. The low case is six hours
Client Correctional Service Canada · unsolicited, no engagement
Context Class project · self-directed brief
Sector Public sector, corrections and justice
My Role Back-end service design · data-flow maps, regulatory audit, AI field map, cost case
Team Three designers · Natashi Sills, officer dashboard · Yuki Shi, app and printed card
Duration Eight weeks · June to August 2026
Methods Practitioner interviews (4) · transcript coding · jobs to be done · archetype personas · data-flow mapping · three-pass regulatory audit · cost modelling
Outputs Two data-flow maps · an AI field map with named refusals · a pain-fix-rule board · a tagged cost case · a delivered pitch

About 6,216 people walk out every year, and almost nothing is built for the week after.

Holding one person for a year runs to roughly $150,505, and the seventy-two hours after release decide an enormous amount.

For about 625 days somebody tells these people where to be. On the last morning it stops at once.

$150,505 a year to hold one person in a federal institution
sourcedCanadian Centre for Policy Alternatives, alternative federal budget 2026, using Correctional Service Canada data
release · hour 0 hour 24 hour 48 hour 72
the institutionHestia’s side of the wall
the file closes An institution tour, two hundred dollars, a bus ticket, the release certificate in triplicate. Her work ends here and she rarely learns whether any of it held.
the personNostos, on his own
report immediately A standard condition sends him straight to the designated residence to report on arrival. The certificate tells him to call if he is late. He has no phone.
night one A shelter bed, in a city where he knows nobody. His officer wrote that address herself.
hours 48 to 72 The empty third is empty on purpose. No policy attaches to it, so what happens here is whatever first contact managed to arrange.
the community sidethe officer who takes the case
nobody holds this For a working day no officer on either side of the wall is answerable for him. The team called this the Day One window.
within one working day of arrival The community officer meets him, the first moment anyone is accountable for him again. The directive measures it in working days.
what does travelon time, by statute
within 24 hours The police service at his destination receives a copy of his release certificate. The one thing guaranteed to cross the gate on a deadline, and it does not go to him.
Seventy-two hours Solid where somebody is answerable, dashed where nobody is. The one obligation timed to the hour goes to the police.

We began with the obvious response: they walk out with the first week already on their phone, the premise most reentry technology is built on.

No phone, an air-gapped network, and research from the wrong country.

Each is small. Together they end every version of a service that reaches the person after the gate.

Nobody is released with a phone. No device, no number, no account. Every assumption about reaching the person after release fails on that sentence.

Institutional IT is air gapped. A deliberate security posture, not a procurement gap waiting to be fixed.

The American evidence does not transfer. Published reentry research describes a privatized system where Canada's is public.

I took the system behind the tool, and the argument for funding it.

Three of us worked in parallel for eight weeks on one shared research document.

  • I mapped where an officer's information comes from
  • I audited the hypothesis against the Privacy Act, the CCRA, sixteen commissioner's directives and Treasury Board policy
  • I specified the assistive-AI field map and its refusals
  • I wrote the cost case
  • Natashi Sills built the dashboard; Yuki Shi the app and the card

The person could not be reached. Somebody crosses that wall every day.

The institutional parole officer follows a case from intake to release, and sits inside the air gap by employment.

So the project moved its subject. The named persona gave way to two archetypes, because a name and a face invite a reader to picture one officer instead of 1,272.

Hestia

I am the one who stays. I keep the fire while everyone else rotates out.

Institutional parole officers: the only role that follows a person from intake to the gate, over the caseload cap, with a planning window collapsed from six months to one.

what the tool owes Hestia

Give the unmandated work a form, so it stops losing to the work that has one. Pre-fill from verified fields and leave her the judgement. Then close the loop: show her it landed.

the evidence behind this archetype

carries

the case file
the phone list
ID applications
institution keys
the plan with no form

where this archetype sits

motivation source
dutymixedcalling
work style
by the bookmixedimproviser
current energy
energisedcopingdepleted
learns the outcome
alwayssometimesnever

friction

The work without a form
“what has a form gets done, the rest waits”
Neither is mandated and neither leaves an artifact, so anything that generates a record outranks both.
The window that closed
“about one month, against a six-month policy”
Six months of policy, weeks in practice. Identification goes last, so a postponement is paperwork rather than risk.
The loop that never closes
“my part ends at the gate, I don’t get to see whether it worked”
Measured on files completed, never on people who made it. The one useful signal never comes back.

Nostos

I walked out with a bag and a bus ticket, and the plan stayed inside.

People released from federal institutions: about 6,216 a year, most serving four years or less, most inside roughly 625 days.

what the tool owes Nostos

Something that crosses with him needing no battery, no signal, no account. If it cannot be printed and held, it does not reach him. This produced the Day One Card.

the evidence behind this archetype

carries

a bag
a bus ticket
whatever ID arrived
the certificate
a number on paper

where this archetype sits

reachable after the gate
reachableintermittentunreachable
what crosses with him
the planfragmentsnothing
identification in hand
completepartialnone
whose plan it is
the institution’ssharedhis

friction

The device that does not exist
“nobody is released with a phone”
Contraband inside, so nobody walks out holding one. Every digital reentry service assumes both.
The wall is literal
“Canadian servers, no internet inside, no USB, no personal devices”
Air gapped by design, not by procurement backlog. Nothing built inside hands anything to anything outside.
The first night
“if they get released into a homeless shelter, you’re setting them up for failure”
Statutory releases complete successfully 60.4% of the time, down six points. She writes the address knowing that.
Two archetypes, not two people The two “what the tool owes” panels are where the product split came from.

What has a form gets done, so we gave this work one.

A record has a template, a deadline, and somebody who notices when it is late. Release planning has none.

The two activities that most decide whether a release holds are neither mandated nor productive of an artifact, so they lose to work that leaves a trace.

That is structural, not motivational, which is what tells you what to build. Give it a form and it competes.

01Intake 02Sentence 03Planning 04Release week 05Release day 06Handoff
what happens Ninety days to assess, about four for the intake officer to file. The correctional plan drives all mandated work. Policy allows six months. The file opens with about one. Certificate issued. The health-card form waits until the day before. An institution tour, two hundred dollars, and a bus ticket. The case transfers to a community officer.
what it costs Court, police and record checks arrive weeks late, so the first plan runs on face value. Release planning appears nowhere on it, so nobody notices when it is late. Five of the six months are absorbed by work that leaves a trace. A sequencing trap: a birth certificate takes about four months to come back. Total structure drops to none over one morning. “Call if you’re late” cannot be complied with. Everything stops.
the officer Rushed Stretched Squeezed Firefighting Resigned Powerless
both arcs
the officer the person releasing
Two arcs across the six phases of one release The officer's arc declines steadily from Rushed at intake to Powerless at the handoff. The person's arc rises from hopeful to excited during planning, then falls sharply through release week to disoriented at the handoff. Both reach their lowest point at the handoff, phase six.
the person Hopeful Hopeful Excited Overwhelmed Overwhelmed Disoriented
phase 06 · the Day One window The seam the project chose. The institutional side’s work has ended, the community side has not begun, and nothing survives in between. It is the only phase where both arcs are at their lowest at the same time. That is why it became the design target.

→ scroll the map sideways on a narrow screen

One release, mapped She declines because every phase adds work and removes none; he falls when the date arrives.
The five jobs in full 1 table
Five jobs to be done, written from the officer's desk
the jobstated in full
identification, in one passWhen a case approaches statutory release, complete every identification application together, so the documents exist well before release day and not the afternoon before it.
placement without the phone treeWhen placing someone in treatment or housing, have every facility's rules and intake process in one place, so the officer stops telephoning agencies one at a time to ask questions they have asked before.
planning measured in hoursWhen the caseload runs past capacity, make release planning a job of hours instead of weeks, so it stops losing every week to the work that is mandated.
support that outlasts the gateWhen someone walks out, keep enough structure around them that the first week has a shape, so release day is not a drop from full support to none.
the plan survives the transferWhen a case moves to a community parole officer, move the plan and its context intact, so months of preparation are not rebuilt from a file.
Five jobs Job four is the one the project can least satisfy, and we said so early rather than designing past it.

The brief asked for two confidence buckets. I shipped three.

Collapsing inferred into guessed overstates the uncertainty. Collapsing it into verified is a lie.

Twenty nodes and twenty-one edges, with line style carrying confidence so a reviewer needs no legend lookup.

Then the notation earned itself. The only dotted edge with an empty governing-rule column carries the community officer's reporting instructions to the person. It exists on the word of two practitioners.

Three data flows at the release seam, each with the rule that governs it. E20 has no governing rule on record.
idflowgoverning rule
E19officer to community officer: shared national record, documented pre-release case conferenceCD 712-4, 715-1
E20community officer to officer: reporting instructions and conditions, printed onto the release certificatenothing on record
E13officer to the person: disclosure package, decision information, release certificateCCRA s.27, Privacy Act s.12
The seam E20 is the edge the project turns on, and the only one with an empty rule column.
The notation and the failure modes 3 figures
verifieda statute or directive states it directly
inferredsupported by sources, but the exact step is not stated outright
guessedno source found: an assumption, or a practitioner's account of practice
The notation A diagram that admits what it is guessing at is more useful than one presenting everything at the same weight.

the whiteboard hypothesis

a hub that decides
courtspolicehealth
one merged database → AI
↓ decisions out ↓
the officer receives · the person receives

Nothing here keeps the health record apart, nothing traces a claim back to what it rested on, and nobody is named as deciding.

after three regulatory passes

three lanes, and people at the end of them
verified fields courts, police ↓ read, never pooled the assistant drafts, with citations the officer verifies
health, apart held under its own directive ↓ never enters the machine no assistant in this lane the health team carries it
the person a source in statute ↕ contributes and receives co-develops the plan a printed card at the gate
the board decides · the officer recommends
What the audit changed Left, three sources pool into one machine. Right, the lanes never join and the only thing that converges is a board's decision.

late

Intake has a ninety-day window and the intake officer about four days to file. Court, police, and record checks arrive weeks later, so the first plan is built on information taken at face value.

siloed

Health and psychological information sits in a separate system under its own directive, in its own information banks. It cannot pool into a general store.

no channel

No directory of facility rules exists, so placement runs on the telephone. Drawn below.

nothing portable

The plan and the handoff leave no artifact that survives the gate. On release day the structure stops and nothing goes with the person.

Four failure modes Each names a different fix, which is why the corrected map has five moves.
The agencies an officer telephones one at a time One officer on the left is joined by twelve separate lines to twelve agencies on the right, grouped as identification, a bed on the first night, and treatment and support. Each line is a separate telephone call. There is no directory between them: the place a directory would sit is drawn as an empty dashed box. One agency, the John Howard Society, is drawn with a struck-through label because the service the officer relied on has ended. the officer one desk, one telephone no directory nothing sits here, so every line is a call identification a bed on the first night treatment and support Birth certificate · provincial vital statistics about four months to come back Social insurance number · Service Canada Health card · provincial health form cannot go in until the day before Indigenous status card Halfway houses and CBRFs Community correctional centres 474 beds nationally The home community may decline to take him back Treatment facilities each sets its own rules, offline Connective enCompass St. Leonard's Society John Howard Society birth-certificate help ended twelve calls, no two of them the same and she asks each of them what she asked last time

→ scroll the fan sideways on a narrow screen

No channel Every line off her desk is one phone call, and a struck-through entry has ended: the directory in her head expires without telling her.

Three passes against the regulations rewrote the design.

Constraint-first rather than ideation-first: the directives settled more design questions than a workshop could have.

A rule tells you which of your options were never available.

Protected B · Canadian · air gapped · no egress

system of record

Sentence, offence, classification, plan. Intake data reused for release planning under consistent use.

health, held separately

Own store, own directive, own information banks. Reaches the officer as a clinical summary through the health team, with consent.

the person

An explicit source, not only a recipient. Co-develops the plan, so the arrow runs both ways.

↓ verified fields only ↛ never pooled ↑↓ contributes and receives

the assistant · contained, read-mostly

Runs inside the boundary. No external or commercial model, no training on offender data, no free-text generation. Deterministic pre-fill from fields already verified, every value showing the field it came from.

↓ drafts with citations ↓ the officer verifies ↓ the board decides

the officer recommends

Author of record. Signs every high-stakes action, and the trail says so.

the board decides

Accountability stays with people. An automated-decision assessment would gate any of this running.

the handoff package

One package the community officer opens rather than rebuilds.

the gate · nothing digital crosses on its own

a provisioned device

If an app exists, the service hands over the device at release, holding only the person's own information. Everything else stays behind the wall.

a printed card

No battery, no signal, nothing to log into. The only part of the system that physically goes out the gate.

  1. The merged database splits in two. The whiteboard drew one store the assistant reads across everything, psychology included. Health information is held separately under its own directive and cannot pool into a general store, so the clinical summary now reaches the officer through the health team instead.
  2. "100% no input into AI" was refused as written. That is the whiteboard's own phrase, and read literally it is self-defeating, because an assistant given no case data cannot help anybody. I kept the intent and dropped the letter: nothing leaves the boundary, no external model, no training on offender data. This is the correction I would defend hardest, because it argues against an instruction the team wrote for itself.
  3. The assistant stops being a hub that decides. The hypothesis drew it as a processing hub feeding decisions. The board decides and the officer recommends, so accountability stays with people and an algorithmic impact assessment would be a condition of running any of it.
  4. The release-day phone becomes a provisioned device. Nobody is released with a phone. For an app to exist at all, the service has to hand over hardware at release, carrying only the person's own plan, identification, reporting instructions, and officer contact.
  5. The person is added as a contributor. The hypothesis had them as a recipient only. They are an explicit source in statute and they co-develop the plan, so the corrected map draws that arrow in both directions.

→ scroll the boundary sideways on a narrow screen

The corrected flow Every byte inside the Protected B, Canada-resident, air-gapped boundary. A self-audit, not a privacy review.

I removed the opportunity to fabricate rather than checking for it.

The problem is not that a drafting assistant might be wrong. It is what being wrong means here.

A fabricated sentence in an assessment that reaches the Parole Board is disqualifying, and one instance would end a pilot. The usual mitigation is review on top of generation. I took the generation out.

Applications became deterministic pre-fill from verified fields, so there is nothing to fabricate. The facility-rules directory is maintained by people, because a hallucinated eligibility rule sends somebody to a door that turns them away.

Selected rows from the assistive-AI field map
fieldthe assistant maywho verifies
identification application detailspre-fillthe officer, with the person's consent
actuarial risk factorscompile, do not re-scorethe officer
facility eligibility rulesmatchthe community officer confirms the placement is feasible
health task or appointmentattach that one existsthe health team
the officer's own recommendationdraft the rationale scaffold onlythe officer signs as author of record
release conditionsassemblethe board decides
The verbs Every row names a human owner, and the owners differ.

A room asked to accept AI inside a prison should be suspicious, and reassurance does not answer that. A rule you can look up does, so every change is stated as a pain, a fix, and the basis the fix stands on. Two rows police that standard in public, and one has no citation at all, because there is not one. Marking the weakest rows made the board harder to attack: a reviewer who finds the soft spot unaided stops trusting the strong rows.

The refusals a reviewer can check 2 figures

does not read clinical content

Only that a health task or appointment exists.

does not expose victim identity

At any point, to anyone, in any output.

does not decide

It drafts. The officer recommends and the board decides.

does not author directory rules

People maintain them. It matches a case against them.

does not leave the boundary

No external model, no training on offender data, no egress.

uses no countdown, score, streak, or leaderboard

Pressure applied to an officer who is already out of time produces thin plans marked done.

The refusals A reviewer can check the design against a named rule instead of trusting a claim.
The bridge board: pain, fix, and the rule each fix stands on
the painthe fixthe basis
records arrive weeks late, so the first plan is built on face valuejustice-system feeds arrive electronically and stay currentCCRA s.23 to collect it, s.24 to keep it accurate
paperwork eats the time that planning needsthe assistant drafts from verified fields, the board still decidesCCRA s.24, plus the automated-decision directive weaker: a directive, not statute
the same details are entered by hand into every applicationone-stop applications pre-fill from verified fields, the officer verifiesno citation: an accountability argument
health information cannot safely pool with the resthealth kept separate and access-controlled, shared only with consentCD 800 and GL 800-3
nothing survives the gate with the personthe release plan is built with them and is theirs to keepCCRA s.25 for the handoff, s.27 for their right to their own information
Pain, fix, rule Its header dates its own citation check, because that is part of the claim.

Nothing gets funded in a federal department for being well designed.

The pitch needed an argument in the language the buyer uses, and nobody else was going to write it.

The discipline is the tagging: published reporting is sourced, arithmetic on it derived, our estimates modelled.

I expected that to be disclosure and it was defence. Challenge the twelve hours saved per case and the board has already conceded it is an estimate.

Year one pays for itself if the tool moves each release forward by 1.6 days
derivedArithmetic on published cost and volume. 3.2 days if the build costs $5M rather than $2.5M, so the argument survives doubling its softest input
How every number is tagged 1 table
How every figure on the cost boards is tagged
tagwhat it meansworked example
sourceda published federal figure6,216 people released from federal institutions in the most recent reported year
derivedarithmetic on published figuresbreak-even at 1.6 days per release, from published cost and volume
modelledour estimate, assumption stated beside ittwelve hours returned per case, with a low case of six
reporteda practitioner told us, and it is published nowherethe planning window collapsing from six months to about one
Four tags Year one pays for itself at 1.6 days per release. No lever assumes a different decision on any file, which is the attack that could otherwise sink it.

The class response was that the argument was sound and abstract at once, so I gave the savings somewhere to climb, starting at one case.

one case

Twelve hours returned, priced against the five jobs to be done.

one officer

About 3.5 weeks of a year handed back to the person who follows a case from intake to the gate.

one region

A fifth of the country's releases, which is the pilot's scope and 4.7 days per release rather than 1.6.

the country

41 officer-years, or roughly 3% of the profession's time, across about 1,272 parole officers.

not on this ladder

Community officer hours and Parole Board clerical time. There is no published unit cost for either, and inventing one would have cost more credibility than the extra rung was worth.

The cascade Each rung is arithmetic on the one before, so the number grows without a new assumption. The dashed panel names what it leaves out.

The tool the officer uses, and the object that leaves the building.

The boards above are mine. These six are my teammates', and the convergence is the finding.

Her five tracks are my five jobs, and neither of us numbered them together. Her app refuses score, streak and leaderboard, which my field map states as a rule. The printed card crosses the wall when nothing digital can, and nobody specified who prints it.

  1. Officer dashboard: counters across the top, two action-required items for today, a caseload health panel scored against twelve cases inside the release window, and a completion chart over six weeks. the dashboard · Natashi Sills
  2. Release-day handoff view: five tracks each labelled with its governing directive, the handoff track open showing seven readiness chips in three states and two actions. five tracks · Natashi Sills
  3. Printed card front: the person's name, release date, community officer with a time and address, four people, five places, and a number to call when lost. the card, front · Yuki Shi
  4. Printed card back: five things for today, three rules, and a closing line reading Today, you only need to focus on today. the card, back · Yuki Shi
  5. App home screen showing one next thing to do rather than a list, a finished task marked Behind you now, and a five-stage progress rail. the app, home · Yuki Shi
  6. App contacts screen listing named people with a single tap to call each one. the app, my people · Yuki Shi
My teammates' screens Natashi drew the officer views; Yuki drew the card and the app.

No client, no launch, no usability test.

Nothing here has been operated by a parole officer. Three things survive scrutiny anyway.

Evaluative testing inside a federal security perimeter, on an eight-week timeline, was not achievable once the access had gone on interviews. I would spend it the same way again, and it is why the research here is strong and the testing is not.

The money is the softest: $18.5M against a $3.86B budget is half a percent. The capacity figure is the argument, at 41 officer-years.

The second is the one nobody planned. Three of us worked in parallel with no reconciliation pass and the artifacts agree checkably: her five tracks are my five jobs, and her interface copy is my field map's human-in-the-loop rule, written by someone who never read it.

The third is that it was delivered, and nobody pushed on AI inside a government system or on data privacy, the two objections that had dominated every prior review.

The service blueprint was never built, and that is the finding I would rather leave out.

The plan called for one, and three workstreams started without it. It worked, but three people is small enough to hold one model between them, and on a team of eight the thread would have broken.

The other thing I would change is cheaper. The air gap and the no-phone rule are both in public documents, and either read in week one would have redirected the concept. Before any concept work, write down what the deployment environment physically permits.

And the only iteration cycle that ran on outside input was the afternoon after the pitch. It beat three of our own. The review I ran on my own deck reversed an earlier pass of mine that had prescribed a label on every slide, which is the thing worth keeping: a usability heuristic run over a presentation treats listeners as users of an interface.